The 5 Best CPAP Machines in 2023

By Ayla Girouard, LPN
Medically Reviewed by Elizabeth Lyda, RRT
Reviewed by Kathleen Cameron, BSPharm, MPH, Senior Director, NCOA Center for Healthy Aging
Fact Checked

• CPAP machines are most commonly used by people with obstructive sleep apnea.
• CPAP machines use pressure to move air into and out of the airway.
• There are multiple options to help lower the cost of a CPAP machine.

If you regularly experience poor sleep, it may put you at a higher risk for chronic diseases. One of those chronic diseases can be sleep apnea. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines are used to treat sleep apnea by keeping airways open during sleep so you get enough oxygen throughout the night.

Sleep apnea is thought to affect up to 30 million adults in the United States, and this condition increases the risk of developing heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and even depression.¹ During sleep, people with obstructive sleep apnea may experience snoring, gasping, or even pauses in their breathing. Quality sleep is important for overall health and well-being, and these disruptive breathing patterns can leave people feeling tired and irritable, even right after waking up for the day.²

“To diagnose sleep apnea, an overnight sleep study called Nocturnal Polysomnogram must be done,” said Elizabeth Lyda, registered respiratory therapist and Research Quality Improvement Specialist at University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, New York. She adds that you shouldn’t “obtain a CPAP machine without completing this test and getting a prescription from your doctor. The risks of applying CPAP to someone without knowing if they definitely have sleep apnea outweighs the benefits if something goes wrong.”

Many CPAP machines are available on the market, and our Reviews Team thoroughly researched the top brands and models to help you understand the features and costs. Often the respiratory therapist who made the diagnosis of sleep apnea will make recommendations for CPAP machines. This article serves as a guide for understanding the features of different machines and making a decision based on your needs. See “How to get a CPAP machine” below.

CPAP machines work by drawing air into the machine, filtering it, and delivering it through a mask on your nose, mouth, or both, in a continuous flow to keep your airways open.³ It’s important to recognize the difference between a CPAP machine and an oxygen concentrator, since people may use both. The air you breathe in from a CPAP machine is the same as the air around you, while an oxygen concentrator reduces nitrogen and other components to provide 90 to 95% pure oxygen at your prescribed dose for oxygen therapy.⁴

A CPAP machine can be used with a wide variety of oxygen mask types, and it’s important to find a mask you can comfortably sleep in while using your CPAP machine. To help treat sleep apnea and manage its symptoms, CPAP machines keep the airway open by delivering pressurized air.

In order to purchase and use an appropriate CPAP machine, you’ll need a medical diagnosis confirming your type of sleep apnea and a prescription from your health care provider.

• Editor’s Pick: ResMed AirSense Auto 11
• Best for Home: React Health Luna G3
• Best for Travel: Transcend Micro Auto Travel CPAP
• Best Screen: ResMed AirSense 10
• Best Value: OxyGo ResPlus Auto CPAP

Our Reviews Team recommends products and services that we feel strongly about, and that will truly benefit our readers. We’ve spent more than 50 hours conducting in-depth research on CPAP machines to give you the most accurate review of each model and brand. To make our selections, we:

• Interviewed three industry experts
• Consulted with one respiratory therapist to confirm the accuracy and integrity of our reviews
• Researched nine brands and 12 different models across the category
• Read real reviews from verified customers on trusted third-party sites, including the Better Business Bureau (BBB) and Trustpilot
• Reviewed academic research to better understand the details and benefits of CPAP therapy and how the devices work

Our Reviews Team consulted with three industry experts and one respiratory therapist to better understand the purpose and function of CPAP therapy and CPAP machines. Based on our expert consultations and research, we determined the following factors to be important for our readers when shopping for a CPAP machine:

• Cost
• Noise level
• Weight and size dimensions
• Mask compatibility and comfort
• Humidification
• Warranty
• Customer service

We had all of our selections medically reviewed by an expert in the field to ensure that each brand and model is appropriate for our readers’ needs.

*A-weighted decibels (dBA) are a measure of how our ears perceive the relative loudness of sounds in the air. All machines listed run at about the volume of a whisper.

• Price: $2,253
• Noise level: 27 A-weighted decibels
• Weight: 2.5 pounds
• Warranty: 2 years

ResMed AirSense AutoSet 11 earned our Reviews Team’s “Editor’s Pick” for its automatic features, touchscreen operation, and its lightweight size. This unit is the most updated model from ResMed, and it has both CPAP and auto CPAP (APAP) functions. CPAP machines provide a steady pressure, while APAP machines will respond to the pressure of your own breathing and vary the pressure from the device.

Bluetooth and cellular connectivity are the biggest additions to the AirSense 11 that other ResMed CPAP devices don’t offer. With these technology features, you can use the myAir app on your Apple or Android smartphone or tablet to connect to the machine and access your therapy data. Before your first use, the built-in coaching tools will guide you through initial setup and will continue to help you adjust to your new CPAP machine.

Once you’re up and running with the AirSense 11, the app will show your usage data. Plus, the ResMed AirView technology allows your doctor to access and monitor your sleep data. Many doctors do not have the software or technology required to access this information, so most often your doctor will access information and reports through your CPAP equipment supplier. With this information they can also make adjustments remotely to your settings when necessary.

Our Reviews Team liked the heated humidification and automatic climate control features of this unit. Heated humidification, also included on previous ResMed CPAP devices, keeps your airways moist, and you may find that inhaling warmed air feels more natural and soothing than cool or room-temperature air. The automatic climate control keeps air temperature and humidity at ideal levels while you use the CPAP machine.

You can purchase the optional ClimateLineAir tubing for $46. This tubing maintains the warmth and humidity of the heated air as it travels from the machine to your mask. Heated tubing can make the inhalation of humidified air feel more natural, and can prevent “rainout.” Rainout occurs when heated air cools as it travels through the tube and condenses into water, which will end up pooling in your CPAP mask and on your face.

The Auto Ramp feature gradually increases the air pressure to your prescribed therapeutic level as you fall asleep. The feature detects when you’ve fallen asleep and waits to begin increasing air pressure. That way you can breathe regularly as you fall asleep and won’t feel like you’re getting too much air from the CPAP machine. This model also features Smart Start and Smart Stop, which automatically starts or stops the machine when you put on or take off your mask.

At 2.5 pounds (similar to the weight of a quart of milk), the AirSense 11 is one of the lighter CPAP machines on our list. It operates at an average noise level of 27 A-weighted decibels, which is about the same volume as a whisper.⁵

Customer service

You can reach Respshop customer service by phone, fax, online chat, and email.

• Phone (866-936-3754) with customer service available from:
  • 5 a.m. to 5 p.m. PT, Monday through Friday
  • 8 a.m. to 12 p.m. PT, Saturday
• Fax (866-936-3730)
• Live chat on website
• Email (sales@respshop.com)

To reach ResMed directly, contact customer service by phone or through an online contact form.

• Phone (800-424-0737)
  • 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. PT, Monday through Friday
• Contact form on website (https://www.resmed.com/en-us/contact-us/)

ResMed customer reviews

ResMed Corp is listed as ResMed Shop on TrustPilot and has a 4.4 out of 5 star customer review average from almost 500 reviews. The company has an A- rating and 1.5 out of 5 star customer review average on the BBB, but that score is based on just 10 reviews. ResMed is not accredited by the BBB.

Positive reviews mention excellent customer service and helpful staff. Complaints on both websites mention faulty components, poor customer service, and frustration with prescription requirements.

• Price: $1,039
• Noise level: 26 A-weighted decibels
• Weight: 3.75 pounds
• Warranty: 2 years

The Luna G3 from React Health (formerly 3B Medical) is our Reviews Team’s “Best for Home” CPAP machine because it offers a humidification preheat feature and notifications that let you know when it is time to replace filters and tubing. Another plus: its small size (easily fits on most nightstands). This model weighs 3.75 pounds (similar to the weight of five soup cans), which isn’t an issue at home, but the Luna G3 is one of the heavier CPAP machines on our list and may not be right for travel.

An integrated humidification system features heated humidification and tubing. The Luna G3 also has a preheat feature, which warms your CPAP’s humidifier water while you get ready for bed. This is a nice feature that allows you to start your nightly therapy with warm, humidified air to enhance comfort and help you fall asleep easily. With an average noise level of 26 A-weighted decibels, roughly the volume of a whisper or rustling leaves, it shouldn’t disturb your sleep.

This model is designed to store and process your usage information to improve your CPAP therapy experience. It is Wi-Fi enabled, and the device can send your therapy data directly to your doctor. Your doctor can then check if your prescription pressure is working or if you need to adjust your settings. This data reporting reduces the pressure on you during follow-up appointments because you won’t have to bring your own detailed notes about your sleep apnea therapy, and your doctor won’t have to pull the information from your CPAP equipment supplier.

The screen and dial on the Luna G3 are easy to navigate and control. You’ll use the dial to scroll through and select options on the screen. The home button returns to the home screen with one click, which is where you can see the current time, your CPAP pressure settings, and more. This model even notifies you when it is time to replace supplies and accessories like filters or tubing, which will keep your nightly CPAP therapy on track.

Customer service

You can contact the CPAP shop the following ways:

• Phone (866-414-9700)
  • 8:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. ET, Monday through Friday
  • 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. ET, Saturday
• Email (questions@thecpapshop.com)

You can reach React Health directly by phone, fax, email, and through a contact form on their website.

• Phone (863-226-6285)
• Fax (863-226-6284)
• Email: (info@reacthealth.com)
• Contact form on website (https://www.reacthealth.com/contact-us)

React Health customer reviews

Customer reviews of React Health are very limited. Neither React Health nor its former name 3B Medical have profiles on TrustPilot. On the BBB site, React Health has an F rating and a 1 out of 5 star average customer review rating, but this is based on only one review. The company is also not accredited by the BBB.

Read more in our full Luna CPAP review.

• Price: $1,099
• Noise level: 27 A-weighted decibels
• Weight: 0.48 pounds
• Warranty: 2 years

Transcend Micro Auto Travel CPAP is our Reviews Team’s “Best for Travel” option because it is one of the smallest and lightest CPAP machines available. It weighs 0.48 pounds (a paperback book weighs about 1 pound) and is four inches in diameter, making it roughly the size of a baseball.

The Transcend Micro CPAP comes with a standard AC wall adapter for power, but it can also be used with the Transcend PowerAway P8 portable battery. The P8 is a lithium-ion battery that is sold separately for $290, and will provide you up to 16 hours of usage on a full charge.

You can add a humidification feature to the device with the Transcend Micro AirMist HME for an additional $16.80. This waterless humidification system uses a foam insert to recycle moisture from your own exhaled breath to keep the inhaled air moisturized. The foam insert cannot be cleaned or reused, and must be replaced regularly. The downside to the Transcend Micro CPAP is that the humidification system is not compatible with all masks on the market, so you will want to make sure you purchase a mask that connects to the Transcend Micro CPAP machine.

Auto start/stop will start breath therapy when your breathing is detected through your mask and tubing, and it will stop the air flow as soon as you remove your mask. Plus, a 30-minute drying mode sends dry air through your system to keep your unit and tubing free from moisture buildup. You can use this mode when you wake up and the 30-minute drying cycle will dry your mask and tubing, so it’s ready for your next use.

At 27 A-weighted decibels, the Transcend Micro is supposed to be as quiet as a whisper, plus the included WhisperSoft muffler helps to further dampen tubing and mask sounds.

The EZEX Pressure Relief feature can help you breathe more comfortably while you sleep because it reduces added pressure from the machine when you exhale. The feature has three settings, allowing you to customize your desired pressure relief when you breathe out. EZEX Pressure Relief can also be turned off.

This device connects to a Transcend app called MySleepDash, which is available for Apple and Android users. In the app, you can track your usage and settings, receive alerts for issues like mask leaks, and read through frequently asked questions. You can also share your usage data, which makes it easier to review information with your doctor. You do not need to use the app to operate your device. Keep in mind that, with all CPAP devices, pressure adjustments must be made by a health care professional.

Customer service

You can reach Respshop customer service by phone, fax, online chat, and email.

• Phone (866-936-3754) with customer service available from:
  • 5 a.m. to 5 p.m. PT, Monday through Friday
  • 8 a.m. to 12 p.m. PT, Saturday
• Fax (866-936-3730)
• Live chat on website
• Email (sales@respshop.com)

Transcend can be reached directly by phone or an online inquiry form:

• Phone (866-978-9481)
• Contact form on website (https://mytranscend.com/contact-us/)

Transcend customer reviews

Transcend doesn’t have a profile with either the BBB or TrustPilot. Somnetics International, Inc., the parent company of Transcend, does have a BBB profile, but it contains very little information. The company has an A+ rating with the BBB but is not accredited and has no customer reviews on the site.

• Price: $1,199
• Noise level: 26 A-weighted decibels
• Weight: 2.7 pounds
• Warranty: 2 years

ResMed AirSense 10, the previous version of the AirSense 11, is our Reviews Team’s choice for “Best Screen.” A large control dial also makes it easy to navigate the color LCD screen as opposed to the more modern touchscreen on the AirSense 11, which is ideal if you aren’t familiar or comfortable with touchscreen navigation. The AirSense 10 has an ambient light sensor that adjusts your screen’s brightness to the lighting of your room. This makes it easier to read in low light and the LCD screen will turn off after a period of inactivity so the light from the screen won’t disturb you while you sleep.

The AirSense 10 also has a taller and slightly wider humidification water chamber that can make it easier to grip and remove than the slimmer chamber in the AirSense 11.

You can also purchase the ResMed ClimateLineAir heated tubing for $46 to keep the air warm as it passes through to your mask. It may be more comfortable for you to breathe in warmed air than cool or room temperature air, and the heated tubes also reduce condensation and moisture buildup in your tube and mask.

The SmartStart feature automatically turns on your CPAP therapy when you put on your mask and inhale. “Expiratory pressure relief” reduces pressure from the CPAP machine when you exhale, which may make breathing more comfortable while you sleep. This device doesn’t connect with the myAir ResMed app, but your doctor can upload your therapy history and details to a computer using your machine’s SD card and AirView, which is a secure, cloud-based patient management system from ResMed.

Customer service

You can contact Respshop customer service by phone, fax, online chat, and email.

• Phone (866-936-3754)
  • 5 a.m. to 5 p.m. PT, Monday through Friday
  • 8 a.m. to 12 p.m., Saturday
• Fax (866-936-3730)
• Online chat on website
• Email (sales@respshop.com)

You can reach ResMed customer service by phone or an online contact form.

• Phone (800-424-0737)
  • 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. PT, Monday through Friday
• Contact form on website (https://www.resmed.com/en-us/contact-us/)

ResMed customer reviews

As cited above, ResMed Corp is listed as ResMed Shop on TrustPilot and has a 4.4 out of 5 star customer review average from nearly 500 reviews. The company is not accredited by the BBB and has an A- rating and 1.5 out of 5 star customer review average, but that score is based on just 10 reviews.

• Price: $649
• Noise level: 30 A-weighted decibels
• Weight: 4.8 pounds
• Warranty: 2 years

The OxyGo ResPlus Auto CPAP is our Reviews Team’s pick for “Best Value” because it provides all of the necessary functions at a much lower price point. Three of the standout features include its large color LCD screen that makes it easy to read the settings and other options on the machine. The humidifier tank holds enough water for one to two nights of use, but keep in mind that it’s always best to empty and clean the water chamber daily to avoid bacterial growth. Plus, it has both CPAP and APAP modes for standard and automatic functioning. Our Reviews Team also liked that the OxyGo ResPlus Auto CPAP machine is universally compatible with any CPAP mask on the market. This allows you to choose the mask you like best.

The fact that this CPAP machine is heavier, at 5 pounds, and slightly louder, at 30 A-weighted decibels, means that it ranks lower than the other devices we reviewed. It’s still quiet enough for undisturbed sleep and light enough to travel with on occasion. One downside our Reviews Team noticed is that the ResPlus Auto CPAP cannot use heated tubing, so be sure to only use it with standard, non-heated tubing.

Customer service

Contact Oxygen Concentrator Store customer service by phone, email, a website contact form, or live chat:

• Phone (888-721-2372)
  • 6 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. MT, Monday through Thursday
  • 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. MT, Friday
  • 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. MT, Saturday
  • 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. MT, Sunday
• Email (service@amsrco.com)
• Contact form on website (https://www.oxygenconcentratorstore.com/contact)
• Live chat on website (https://www.oxygenconcentratorstore.com)

OxyGo customer reviews

OxyGo is not accredited by the BBB and has a C rating on its website. Its BBB profile has no customer reviews, but has one unanswered customer complaint from January 2021 which is likely the reason for the rating. The complaint is in reference to an OxyGo portable oxygen concentrator, not a CPAP machine. OxyGo has no profile or reviews with TrustPilot.

Before shopping for a CPAP machine, you will need a prescription from your doctor. This process typically involves an overnight sleep study called a Nocturnal Polysomnogram to confirm a sleep apnea diagnosis, followed by a second study to determine the appropriate pressure for your CPAP therapy to treat and improve your condition. These devices require a prescription to purchase since they are class II devices regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).⁶ This classification means that even though CPAP machines are effective therapeutic devices, they can pose risks to the user if used incorrectly or when they are used without medical recommendation and oversight. These risks include adverse tissue reactions in the airway, infection, and interference with other medical treatments or devices.

Once you have a prescription, CPAP machines can be purchased through online retailers like the CPAP shop, Respshop, and the Oxygen Concentrator Store, or local distributors of durable medical equipment (DME). When purchasing in-store, you will need to have your prescription on-hand or have your doctor submit it to the retailer. When purchasing a CPAP machine online, you will need to provide proof of your prescription during checkout.

A CPAP machine is an important investment. Besides more technical features like app connectivity and remote monitoring, there are three factors you should consider before choosing a CPAP device.

CPAP machine cost and payment options

A CPAP machine can cost a few hundred to a few thousand dollars. Devices on our list cost $649–$2,253. CPAP machines can be purchased with cash or credit card, but other payment options are available.

Health insurance: As with most medical devices, CPAP machine and mask coverage will depend on your insurance plan. Most private health insurance plans will offer some amount of coverage for CPAP machines and CPAP masks.⁷ In order to maintain coverage, many insurance plans will require proof that you are using the machine nightly as prescribed. This information is typically stored in your machine or on a memory card and, depending on which device you have, that data can be accessed through an online portal, app, directly from the memory card, or supplied by your CPAP equipment supplier.

Medicare: Medicare has specific terms for CPAP machine and supply coverage, which typically starts with a three-month trial.⁸ After that trial period, Medicare will likely require confirmation from your doctor that you have been compliant with treatment. Medicare will want to know if you use the machine nightly as prescribed, and that CPAP therapy is helping your condition. Like oxygen concentrators, Medicare covers the rental of your CPAP machine as opposed to coverage or reimbursement to purchase the machine in full. You will need to get your CPAP device and supplies through a Medicare-enrolled retailer. Medicare will cover most of the cost of renting a CPAP machine for 13 months, after which you will own the device.

Retailer financing: Many retailers offer financing for CPAP machines, typically through third-party financing companies. Oxygen Concentrator Store offers financing through Affirm, and CPAP shop offers financing through Bread Pay. These two financing companies offer plans with varying repayment terms and interest rates. You will also need to receive credit approval to use Affirm or Bread Pay. Respshop has in-house financing options and payment plans that do not involve a credit check.

Health savings account (HSA): An HSA is an account you can deposit pre-tax money into that can be used for eligible health expenses.⁹ The full list of qualifying expenses includes respiratory equipment like CPAP machines.¹⁰ HSA funds do not expire and will continue to be available until your funds run out.

Flexible spending account (FSA): An FSA is an account your employer deposits pre-tax money into and can be used to reimburse medical expenses like CPAP machines. FSA funds do expire if you don’t use all the money before the annual expiration date.

CareCredit: CareCredit is a credit card made specifically for health care expenses. CPAP machines are qualifying purchases if you have a CareCredit card, but you’ll need to make sure you purchase through a participating retailer. Eligibility for the card is subject to credit approval.

Features and specifications

Size and weight: Your CPAP machine will need to be the right size to fit on a nightstand or table next to your bed. Make sure that the surface you plan to place it on will have enough space for your CPAP machine, along with the things you typically keep next to you in bed. A crowded nightstand could result in accidentally bumping your CPAP machine, which could alter settings, or things falling onto the floor. Weight is also important if you want to travel with your CPAP. Heavier machines may be more cumbersome to pack up and travel with, so you may want to look at lighter CPAP machines like the Transcend Micro, AirSense 10, or AirSense 11.

Noise level: A CPAP machine will never be completely silent, but many of them are whisper-quiet (30 A-weighted decibels or less). A low noise level means it is less likely the device will disturb your or a partner’s sleep.

Humidification: CPAP usage can lead to dry airways, which may cause irritation and discomfort, especially in the throat and nasal passages. Some CPAP machines have an integrated humidification system, while others have detachable humidification components. Humidification is either cool or heated. Heated humidification starts in the water chamber, and warmth and humidity are maintained throughout the system with heated tubing.

APAP vs. CPAP: APAP settings are designed to automatically adjust air pressure coming from the machine according to the pressure of your breathing, and adjustments stay within a set of prescribed pressures determined during your sleep study. Breathing pressure typically decreases once you fall asleep, so auto CPAP devices start with lower pressure and increase it once the machine senses that you’re asleep. Standard CPAP machines will increase air pressure as soon as you turn the machine on to start your therapy, and it will keep air pressure consistent throughout the night.

Mask styles and compatibility

CPAP therapy is meant to be used every night while you sleep. Many people have difficulty sleeping for other reasons, and wearing a mask for CPAP use can add to sleep issues. It’s important to find a mask that works for your face shape, sleep style, and comfort preferences. A CPAP device that is compatible with most masks on the market is ideal, especially for new CPAP users because you can try different masks with your CPAP machine to find the best mask for you. CPAP mask styles range from full-face (completely covers your nose and mouth) to nose-only styles.

Below are two examples of different CPAP masks, including the Fisher and Paykel Vitera CPAP full face mask and the Philips Respironics DreamWear Silicone Nasal Pillow CPAP mask.

A CPAP full face mask covers your nose and mouth.

A nasal pillow CPAP mask goes into the nostrils of your nose but does not cover your mouth.

Philips Respironics CPAP recall

Philips Respironics is a leading name in CPAP therapy, so it is notable that its models are absent from our list. Philips issued a recall of many of its CPAP, bilevel positive airway pressure machines, and ventilator devices that were manufactured between 2009 and April 26, 2021.¹¹ The recalled devices contain a polyester-based foam that reduces noise and vibrations. This foam was found to break down in some units, and those small pieces were released into the breathing system and tubing. It’s a potential health hazard to inhale those particles. The FDA issued a list of affected models and instructions on what to do if you own or use one of the recalled units¹²

CPAP shortage

When you shop for a CPAP machine in 2023, you may notice that many CPAP models are out of stock. In the wake of COVID-19, factory shutdowns and labor shortages followed by increased demand for consumer goods resulted in a critical shortage of microchips.¹³

CPAP machines are one of many products that require microchips. The slowed production and competition for microchips across industries made it more difficult for manufacturers to produce enough CPAP machines to meet customer needs. The recall of Philips DreamStation CPAP machines made the shortage problem even worse.

The five CPAP machines reviewed in this article are the best available in terms of features, value, and portability. ResMed AirSense 11 is our Reviews Team’s “Editor’s Pick” for its advanced technology, including an LCD touchscreen and automatic features. The React Health Luna G3 is small enough to fit on your bedside table and features a pre-heat humidifier function that warms the water used to humidify your CPAP’s air. The Transcend Micro Auto Travel CPAP is perfect for travel as it is about the size of a baseball. The ResMed AirSense 10 is our Reviews Team’s pick for “Best Screen” with an LCD screen that automatically adjusts to the light in the room, making it easier to read at night. The OxyGo Resplus Auto CPAP is the least expensive on our list, and it still includes features like both standard and automatic CPAP functions. With the recall of Philips Respironics devices and an ongoing global shortage, there are fewer machines available for consideration.

Finding a CPAP machine that meets your needs is essential for improving your sleep, which in turn may improve your overall health and well-being.

Have questions about this review? Email us at reviewsteam@ncoa.org.

1. Sara Berg. What doctors wish patients knew about sleep apnea. American Medical Association. April 1, 2022. Found on the internet at https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-sleep-apnea
2. Mayo Clinic. Sleep apnea — Symptoms and causes. Found on the internet at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631
3. Cleveland Clinic. CPAP Machine: What It Is, How It Works, Pros & Cons. Found on the internet at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22043-cpap-machine
4. Hardavella, G., Karampinis, I., Frille, A., et al. Oxygen devices and delivery systems. Breathe. 2019. Found on the internet at https://breathe.ersjournals.com/content/15/3/e108
5. Centers for Disease Control. What Noises Cause Hearing Loss? Found on the internet at https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hearing_loss/what_noises_cause_hearing_loss.html
6. Federal Register. Medical Devices; Anesthesiology Devices; Classification of the Positive Airway Pressure Delivery System. A Rule by the Food and Drug Administration. Oct. 19, 2018. Found on the internet at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/10/19/2018-22840/medical-devices-anesthesiology-devices-classification-of-the-positive-airway-pressure-delivery
7. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Does insurance cover my CPAP machine? Found on the internet at https://sleepeducation.org/does-insurance-cover-my-cpap-machine/
8. Medicare. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) devices, accessories, & therapy. Found on the internet at https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/continuous-positive-airway-pressure-devices
9. Healthcare.gov. Health Savings Account (HSA). Found on the internet at https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/health-savings-account-hsa/
10. Internal Revenue Service. 2021 Publication 502. Found on the internet at https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p502.pdf
11. Philips. Voluntary Recall Information. Found on the internet at https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/e/sleep/communications/src-update
12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. UPDATE: Certain Philips Respironics Ventilators, BiPAP Machines, and CPAP Machines Recalled Due to Potential Health Risks: FDA Safety Communication. Nov. 12, 2021. Updated Feb. 9, 2023. Found on the internet at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/update-certain-philips-respironics-ventilators-bipap-machines-and-cpap-machines-recalled-due
13. New York Times. How the Supply Chain Upheaval Became a Life-or-Death Threat. Dec. 29, 2021. Found on the internet at https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/09/business/supply-chain-medical-device-shortages.html.